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^óŸ¨ZDifferences and Similarities in DO-178B Compliance in an IMA System vs a Federated Product¡[[(ªDŸ Î Processes for certifying complex integrated avionics systems is the Number 1 thing that must be addressed - Nick Sabatini, FAA Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety, at International Aviation Safety Conference, June 9, 2005¡(l|l|ªsmóŸ¨ZDifferences and Similarities in DO-178B Compliance in an IMA System vs a Federated Product¡[[(ªDŸ Ú Current Processes (e.g. DO-178B) were developed with much simpler architectures in mind  Numerous DO-178B work-arounds needed - Ali Bahrami, Manager of FAA Transport Aircraft Directorate, in presentation on  Complex Integrated Avionics Systems and System Safety at International Aviation Safety Conference, June 9, 2005 (see EASA web page for full presentation)¡,ZíZíª,qàóóóŸ¨ Urban Mythsó%Ÿ¨ Urban MythsóŸ¨Suburban MythsŸ šThe OS can take care of all partitioning ICDs are system documents Data tables are outside the scope of DO-178B Software Levels can be determined top-down from the FHA A Federated LRU doesn t have the same partitioning, data/control coupling or interface issues as an IMA System An IMA System is more complex than a Federated System ¡NNª)!óŸ¨Determining DALsª Ÿ Typically, the SW or HW Level of a component is determined  top down from the FHA A component involved in displaying Primary Attitude would need to be Level A, to comply with the FHA condition of Misleading Primary Attitude classified as Catastrophic A component involved in controlling a Comm Radio would need to be Level C, to comply with the FHA condition of Loss of Comm classified as Major¡*S:S:ª,#MóŸ¨Determining DALsª Ÿ¨@In an IMA System, the process starts the same, but there is an extra step if common components (OS, common hardware components, etc) are used in multiple functions A bottoms-up System FMEA is needed to determine if there are combinational failures that are collectively more severe than the individual failure conditions¡AZAó Ÿ¨Determining DALsª Ÿ¨Example: An IMA Module hosts two unrelated functions Flight Management System IO between a controller and the Radios Loss of either of these functions individually would probably be classified as Major Loss of them collectively would at least be Hazardous Common components, like an OS or the hardware platform, would need to meet a higher DAL than would be required for the individual functions ¡Ž ,@‹Œ ,@‹Œó Ÿ¨Spreading ObjectivesŸ ¾A component on an IMA Module normally cannot meet all DO-178B objectives by itself Objectives may need to be  delegated from the OS to the Applications An individual objective (ie partitioning) may require contributions from multiple components to be met Objectives may need to be met at the software/software, hardware/software, and IMA system level¡`P`ª²¬ó Ÿ¨Spreading ObjectivesŸ¨´Assuming one PSAC per component, each PSAC needs to state which objectives will not be fully met at the component level Assign to other components Assign to integration activities¡&x=x=ó Ÿ¨$Data/Control Coupling & Partitioning¡%%(Ÿ¨Data & Control Coupling are not well covered in DO-178B Difference between D/C Coupling and Partitioning is not clear in DO-178B ó  Ÿ¨ D/C CouplingŸ jData/Control Coupling included in DO-178B to ensure integrated software (as opposed to just code modules) is tested Intent was to verify interface between one code module and another, within a software function (ie within an Air Data Computer) Note that the D/C Objective calls out  test rather than  verify ¡6Z6ªÔ`ó"Ÿ¨DO-178B D/C Couplingó Ÿ¨ D/C CouplingŸ ÔIn reality, whether a Federated or IMA System, D/C Coupling errors could be made between components at various levels Between code modules within a sw function (ie application)  this is covered by DO-178B Between one application and another Between an application and the OS Between software and hardware Between components at the same DAL, or at different DALs¡*võvõª>” Ãó#Ÿ¨ D/C Couplingó Ÿ¨D/C Coupling vs Partitioningª Ÿ lIf a component, by design, uses an input from a lower DAL component, and an error in the lower level component causes a higher criticality error by the higher level component, that is a data or control coupling error Example  if a Level A Autopilot uses an input from a Level C Flight Management System, and the FMS has an error that causes the AP to operate incorrectly, then that is a Data Coupling problem, not a partitioning problem ¡6ÙÝÙÞó Ÿ¨D/C Coupling vs Partitioningª Ÿ RIf two unrelated components are on the same IMA module, and the lower DAL component interferes with the higher DAL component, that is a partitioning problem Example  An IMA module hosts Level A Air Data and Level B GPS. The Air Data is not designed to use any data from the GPS. The GPS, however, has an error, that overwrites some of the Air Data s data. If the overwrite is not prevented, it is a partitioning violation¡*Z Z ó Ÿ¨D/C Coupling vs Partitioningª Ÿ The difference in the two cases is that in the D/C Coupling example, there was an intended interaction between the components In this case, there are several issues to address: Is the interface defined and implemented correctly?  this is necessary whether the levels are the same or different Are potential design errors in a lower DAL component accounted for in the higher DAL design?  this is only necessary if there is a difference in DALs Note  hardware random failures would still need to be considered in this case¡F±Z ZOZ± Oª¸Pó$Ÿ¨ D/C CouplingóŸ¨Data/Control Coupling¡(Ÿ¨}DO-178B does not call out an ICD as a data item In an IMA System, there are several potential ways that two components could interact An ICD is one means that could be used to ensure that the interaction between the components are correctly defined and implemented Design and Code reviews should ensure that the use of data or control from other components is correctly implemented¡~P~óŸ¨Data Tables/RegistriesŸ¨pIMA Systems often use data tables, registries or config files to customize the use of common components Not DO-200A Databases Data Tables are not specifically covered by DO-178B, so they could be overlooked Not all DO-178B objectives necessarily apply to data tables The PSAC needs to identify the use of data tables, and define how they will be appropriately verified¡BhZZóZhóª1:óŸ¨&Customizing DO-178B Data Items for IMA¡''(Ÿ DDue to the spreading of objectives, the use of data tables, and the use of common components across modules in a system, it may not be  clean to generate a PSAC, SAS and SCI per component that fully covers everything This may also be true of other items, like SDP, SVP, Verification Report¡&ÚIÚIóŸ¨&Customizing DO-178B Data Items for IMA¡''(Ÿ ROver-arching summary documents could be used to fill the gaps Summary PSAC  covers the integration of all components, 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 ð˜0ðð0ð( ð ððx ð c ð$€¸  ¿ÿ xðZ°Ð ðà   ð žðx ð c ð$€Ð  ¿ÿxð ` à ðà   ð žðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.«jÅ«oÁ+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î¡ï ·€ùÿÿÿ  ð˜pð@ð0ð( ð ð@ðx ð@ c ð$€¨> ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà    ð žðx ð@ c ð$€0A ¿ÿtðð `ðà   ð žðH ð@ ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.ïuÅæ¦'+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î¡ï ·€ùÿÿÿ  ð˜€ð,ð0ð( ð ð,ðx ð, c ð$€Ä÷& ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  &  ð žðx ð, c ð$€ÔD ¿ÿtðà `ðà &  ð žðH ð, ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.nÅàÂþî+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î¡ï ·€ùÿÿÿ  ð˜ð0ð0ð( ð ð0ðx ð0 c ð$€ôg ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà    ð žðx ð0 c ð$€œh ¿ÿtð€ `ðà   ð žðH ð0 ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.nÅÐj"V+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îB ï·€ùÿÿÿ QðIPð 8ð¹ð( ð ð8ðÉ¢ ð8 ƒ ð0€è¶ ¿ƒ¿Àÿð€°Ç ðiŸ¨Previous Federated Architecture¡. 0( 2ðR ð8 s ð*…‡¿Àÿð` ðR ð8 s ð*…‡¿Àÿð`ð P ðXB ð8 ƒ ð0…‡D¿Àÿð  P@   ð^B ð8€ “ ð6…‡D¿ÀÑÿð PP  ð^B ð8€ “ ð6…‡D¿ÀÑÿð @ @   ð¡¢ ð8 ƒ ð0€Ì¼ ¿ƒ¿Àÿðp` ] ðAŸ¨. . .¡ 0 2H𥢠ð 8 ƒ ð0€ À ¿ƒ¿Àÿð 0@´ ðEŸ¨ Autopilot¡ 0( 2 𮢠ð 8 ƒ ð0€pÄ ¿ƒ¿Àÿð  P ¸  ðNŸ¨Air Data Computer ¡ 0( 2ðvb ð 8€ Ó ðN´…‡G0*H „I×½þÿ¿ÀËÔ”Ñÿð   À€ ðF¢ ð 8 “ ð6€HÈ ¿ƒ¿ÀËjJÿðð @Ö  ðàŸ „Interface is limited to single type (ie ARINC 429) DO178B can be fully met by each component independently One function can still provide  bad data to the other, resulting in interface issues¡Ã0 2ê'šðH ð8 ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ð 8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿð ÿÿÿ€€€Ì™33ÌÌÌÿ²²²ˆŠyº___PPT10‹Y+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îà ï·€ùP[ ïðç`ð <ðð( ð ð<ðÍ¢ ð< ƒ ð0€ÄÒ ¿ƒ¿Àÿð€àpÇ ðmŸ¨#Integrated Partitioned Architecture¡.$0( 2#ð^ ð< “ ð6…‡ƒ¿ÀËŸoÿðР ° 𪢠ð< ƒ ð0€Ø× ¿ƒ¿Àÿðà °P Ç ðJŸ¨Module¡(0( 2ðd ð< £ ð<…‡ƒ¿ÀËÔ”ÎÿðÀ€° À ðdB ð< £ ð<…‡D¿ÀËŸoÎÿð@ €° @ ðdB ð< £ ð<…‡D¿ÀËŸoÎÿðÀ€€@ ð ¢ ð< ƒ ð0€$Ü ¿ƒ¿Àÿðp Ð  ð@Ÿ¨OS¡"0( 2ð ¢ ð < ƒ ð0€œß ¿ƒ¿Àÿð°€0  ð@Ÿ¨AP¡"0( 2𦢠ð < ƒ ð0€ ã ¿ƒ¿Àÿð°€   ðFŸ¨Air Data¡" 0( 2 ðÌ¢ ð < ƒ ð0€8ç ¿ƒ¿Àÿðð é  ðlŸ¨´Integration introduces new interference possibilities: overwriting memory using too much CPU time Integration also may provide multiple interfaces System bus Shared memory buffers ¡œ70 2+1 210 2!1 21 27+1!ðD¢ ð < “ ð6€¤ñ ¿ƒ¿ÀËÔ”ÿð `’ ðÞŸ  OS provides partitioning ( walls ) to eliminate these interference possibilities¡"Q0( 2QðH ð< ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€Ì™33ÌÌÌÿ²²²ˆŠyº___PPT10‹Y+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îï ·€ ð ð|ðªð( ð ð|ðr ð| S ð€t_& ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  &  ð žðH ð| ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð rÿÿÿŒÿÿÌÿ3¾y`ÿÌfÿ™ˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.˜zÅ Wh%+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î½ï ·€ Ôð̰ð°ðdð( ð ð°ðx ð° c ð$€ˆ1 ¿ÿtˆð­ `}ðà    ð žðRB ð° s ð*D¿ÀË øÿðPÐ ðRB ð°@ s ð*D¿ÀË øÿðÀ ðH ð° ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð rÿÿÿŒÿÿÌÿ3¾y`ÿÌfÿ™ˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.˜zÅ Wh%+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îàï ·€ùÿÿÿ ÌðÄÀðìð\ð( ð ðìðx ðì c ð$€ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ì)%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ì)Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ì)Dñ{'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ì)C%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ì)CDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ì)CDñ{'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ìCp%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ìCpDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ìCpDñ{'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ìp¨%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ìp¨Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ìp¨Dñ{'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ì¨%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ì¨Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ì¨Dñ{'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ìM%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ìMDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ìM+8+0+ì0 +îƒï ·€ùP[ ‚ðzÐðððð( ð ðððx ðð c ð$€Ìb ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà    ð žðx ðð c ð$€,: ¿ÿtðð `ðà   ð žðÚ¢ ðð ƒ ð0€üÏx¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@‡ ðlŸ¨0This is typically adequate for Federated Systems¡ 1( 21ÌþðH ðð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.®jÅ«' +Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îšï ·€ùÿÿÿ ™ð‘àðôð)ð( ð ðôðx ðô c ð$€,’& ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  &  ð žðx ðô c ð$€Üw¿ÿtðð `ðà &  ð žðñ¢ ðô ƒ ð0€^U¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@À” ðƒŸ¨GThere is a higher likelihood of potential Common Modes in an IMA System¡ H( 2HÌþðH ðô ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.®jÅàÌ(•+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î§ï ·€ùÿÿÿ ¦ðžððøð6ð( ð ðøðx ðø c ð$€TaU¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  U ð žðx ðø c ð$€äaU¿ÿtðð `ðà U ð žðþ¢ ðø ƒ ð0€cU¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ `‡ ðŸ TIn IMA, two  Majors may require a Level B¡ +( 2+ÌþðH ðø ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.®jÅ ã±Ð+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îªï ·€ùÿÿÿ ©ð¡ðüð9ð( ð ðüðx ðü c ð$€Pª& ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  &  ð žðx ðü c ð$€ «& ¿ÿtðð `ðà &  ð žð¢ ðü ƒ ð0€\ƒU¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ `” 𓟨WEstablishing compliance in an IMA system may be more complex than in a Federated System¡ X( 2XÌþðH ðü ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.¯jÅPw À+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îªï ·€ùÿÿÿ ©ð¡ðð9ð( ð ððx ð c ð$€´U¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  U ð žðx ð c ð$€pŽU¿ÿtðð `ðà U ð žð¢ ð ƒ ð0€\ÅU¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ `” 𓟨WEstablishing compliance in an IMA system may be more complex than in a Federated System¡ X( 2XÌþðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.°jÅ`e5+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îï ·€ùP[ ð‡ ððð( ð ððx ð c ð$€U¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  U ð žðx ð c ð$€¼U¿ÿtðð `ðà U ð žðç¢ ð ƒ ð0€<U¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ `” ðyŸ¨=Whether Federated or IMA, D/C Coupling needs to be understood¡ >( 2>ÌþðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.°jÅ@„¡l+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îšï ·€ùÿÿÿ ™ð‘0ðð)ð( ð ððx ð c ð$€L"U¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  U ð žðx ð c ð$€Ü"U¿ÿtðð `ðà U ð žðñ¢ ð ƒ ð0€Ü U¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ `” ðƒŸ¨GThis aspect of D/C Coupling applies equally to IMA or Federated Systems¡ H( 2HÌþðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.°jÅptëÏ+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î’ï ·€ ðú@ð œð’ð( ð ðœð¤ ð œ “ ð6€¨·U…‡ƒ¿ÀÿðÐà  ð>Ÿ¡ ª ðr ðœ S ð€'U¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  U ð žðª2 𜠓 ð6€´”U…‡̃¿Àÿð€PÀ à  ðDŸ¨SW Code Module 1¡ ðª2 𜠓 ð6€øU…‡̃¿ÀÿðP° °  ðDŸ¨SW Code Module 2¡ ðRB ðœ s ð*D¿ÀÑÿð À € 𪢠ð œ £ ð<€ ðU…‡¿ƒ¿Àÿð$ ³  ð>Ÿ¨ Data value X¡  ð¯ 𜠓 ð6€<.U¿ƒ¿Àÿðp`ù ðIŸ¨Air Data Computer¡ þð ¢ ðœ ƒ ð0€lôU¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ð” 🟨cPer DO-178B Table A-7, Objective 8, Modules 1 and 2 must be tested together to verify data coupling¡ d( 2dÌþðH 𜠃 ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð rÿÿÿŒÿÿÌÿ3¾y`ÿÌfÿ™ˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.~~ÅÀreäî±ï ·€ùÿÿÿ °ð¨Pð ð@ð( ð ð ðx ð  c ð$€ØU¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  U ð žðx ð  c ð$€ `U¿ÿtðð `ðà U ð žð¢ ð  ƒ ð0€HþU¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ `” 𚟨^D/C Coupling have been looked at more closely in IMA, but they also apply to Federated Systems¡ _( 2_ÌþðH ð  ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.±jÅ0qú&+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îØ ï ·€ H ð@ `ð¤ðØ ð( ð ð¤ð¤ 𤠓 ð6€„ø…‡ƒ¿ÀÿðÀ@°  ð>Ÿ¡ ª ðx ð¤ c ð$€ŒÎU¿ÿtˆð­ `}ðà  U ð žðª2 𤠓 ð6€pø…‡̃¿Àÿð@PÀ  ðDŸ¨SW Application 1¡ ðª2 𤠓 ð6€tø…‡̃¿Àÿðà°  ðDŸ¨SW Application 2¡ ðRB ð¤ s ð*D¿ÀÑÿðÀ € 𪢠𤠣 ð<€ø…‡¿ƒ¿Àÿðpð W ð>Ÿ¨ Data value X¡  ðª 𤠓 ð6€äø¿ƒ¿Àÿðð `ê ðDŸ¨ IMA System¡  þðí¢ ð ¤ ƒ ð0€àBø¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ð” ðŸ¨CIn an IMA System, the quantity of D/C interfaces tends to be higher¡ D( 2DÌþðœ2 ð ¤ “ ð6€\Kø…‡̃¿Àÿð P  ð6Ÿ¨OS¡ ðRB 𠤀 s ð*D¿ÀÑÿð°€ ÐpðRB ð ¤À s ð*D¿ÀÑÿðàÐ ð«¢ ð ¤ £ ð<€Nø…‡¿ƒ¿Àÿðô§Û ð?Ÿ¨ Function Call¡ 🢠𤠃 ð0€ð"ø¿ƒ¿ÀÿðT ;  ð?Ÿ¨ Function Call¡ ð¢2 𤠓 ð6€x&ø…‡̃¿ÀÿðÐ pP  ð<Ÿ¨Hardware¡   ðRB 𤀠s ð*D¿ÀÑÿðP p p Р𧢠𤠣 ð<€œ)ø…‡¿ƒ¿Àÿð” f {  ð;Ÿ¨ Interrupt¡  ðH 𤠃 ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð rÿÿÿŒÿÿÌÿ3¾y`ÿÌfÿ™ˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.~~ÅÀreäî˜ï ·€ùÿÿÿ —ðpðð'ð( ð ððx ð c ð$€/ø¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  ø ð žðx ð c ð$€Ø/ø¿ÿtðð `ðà ø ð žðï¢ ð ƒ ð0€p ø¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ `” ðŸ¨EWhether IMA or Federated, these intended interfaces must be addressed¡ F( 2FÌþðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.±jÅÐØ?+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î˜ï ·€ùÿÿÿ —ð€ðð'ð( ð ððx ð c ð$€e& ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  &  ð žðx ð c ð$€$Ò& ¿ÿtðð `ðà &  ð žðï¢ ð ƒ ð0€´ÈÒ¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ `” ðŸ¨EPartitioning is related to unintended interactions between components¡ F( 2FÌþðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.²jÅp‡@ +Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î¢ï ·€ùP[ ¡ð™ðð1ð( ð ððx ð c ð$€Pu& ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  &  ð žðx ð c ð$€Èl& ¿ÿtðð `ðà &  ð žðù¢ ð ƒ ð0€üÐÒ¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð€G ð‹Ÿ¨-Unintended vs intended interaction is the key¡ .( 2.Ìþª !ðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.²jÅôŒ+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îD ï ·€ ´ 𬠠ð¨ðD ð( ð ð¨ð¤ 𨠓 ð6€°mÒ…‡ƒ¿ÀÿðÀ@°  ð>Ÿ¡ ª ðx ð¨ c ð$€z& ¿ÿtˆð­ `}ðà  &  ð žð¥2 𨠓 ð6€ 9Ò…‡̃¿Àÿð@PÀ  ð?Ÿ¨ FMS Level C¡   ð«2 𨠓 ð6€Ò…‡̃¿Àÿðà°  ðEŸ¨Autopilot Level A¡ ðRB ð¨ s ð*D¿ÀÑÿðÀ € 𨢠𨠃 ð0€ŒËÒ¿ƒ¿Àÿðàð t ðHŸ¨Incorrect Data value X¡ ð· 𨠓 ð6€˜xÒ¿ƒ¿Àÿðð€€ê ðQŸ¨IMA or Federated System¡ þðR¢ ð ¨ ƒ ð0€¼Ò¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ð” ð䟠¨Level C FMS sending incorrect data that causes incorrect AP operation  D/C Coupling¡ U( 2UÌþðœ2 ð ¨ “ ð6€ôœÒ…‡̃¿Àÿð P  ð6Ÿ¨OS¡ ðRB 𠨀 s ð*D¿ÀÑÿð°€ ÐpðRB ð ¨À s ð*D¿ÀÑÿðàÐ ð«¢ ð ¨ £ ð<€À Ò…‡¿ƒ¿Àÿðô§Û ð?Ÿ¨ Function Call¡ 🢠𨠃 ð0€ˆ¤Ò¿ƒ¿ÀÿðT ;  ð?Ÿ¨ Function Call¡ ð¢2 𨠓 ð6€Ì§Ò…‡̃¿ÀÿðÐ pP  ð<Ÿ¨Hardware¡   ðRB 𨀠s ð*D¿ÀÑÿðP p p Р𧢠𨠣 ð<€ˆØÒ…‡¿ƒ¿Àÿð” f {  ð;Ÿ¨ Interrupt¡  ðH 𨠃 ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð rÿÿÿŒÿÿÌÿ3¾y`ÿÌfÿ™ˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.~~ÅÀreäî~ï ·€ùÿÿÿ }ðu°ðð ð( ð ððx ð c ð$€Ì(Ò¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  Ò ð žðx ð c ð$€¬Ò¿ÿtðð `ðà Ò ð žðÕ¢ ð ƒ ð0€¬2Ò¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ð‡ ðgŸ¨+Extra effort on interface definition in IMA¡ ,( 2,ÌþðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.³jÅ­ÿ+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îÃï ·€ùP[ ÂðºÀð ðRð( ð ð ðx ð  c ð$€„CÒ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  Ò ð žðx ð  c ð$€$FÒ¿ÿtðP€`ðà Ò ð žð¢ ð  ƒ ð0€DGÒ¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ð‡ 𬟠pRegistries are not  software but still must be verified¡ 9( 29ÌþðH ð  ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.³jÅ0ÔM}+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î~ï ·€ùÿÿÿ }ðuÐð$ð ð( ð ð$ðx ð$ c ð$€/Ò¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  Ò ð žðx ð$ c ð$€À/Ò¿ÿtðð `ðà Ò ð žðÕ¢ ð$ ƒ ð0€ðÒ¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ð‡ ðgŸ¨+Innovative document structure may be needed¡ ,( 2,ÌþðH ð$ ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.³jÅw¤Ö+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î€ï ·€ùÿÿÿ ðwàð(ðð( ð ð(ðx ð( c ð$€ÀÒ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  Ò ð žðx ð( c ð$€|€Ò¿ÿtðð `ðà Ò ð žð×¢ ð( ƒ ð0€°Ò¿ÿÿƒ¿Àÿ"ñ¿`ð@ð‡ ðiŸ¨-One approach, but other approaches could work¡ .( 2.ÌþðH ð( ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ™ÿÿÿ3ÌÌÆÿÌf™ÿˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.´jÅÀŽN+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î³ï ·€ùÿÿÿ Âðºðð4ðRð( ð ð4ð~ ð4 s ð*€lÜÒ¿ÿtˆð­ `}ðà  Ò ð žð”² ð40 à ðH€A ?¿ÿtˆðL*C ðÁ à ÒðH ð4 ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ–––f3Ì™™3ÌÌÿ€ˆŠyº___PPT10‹Y+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î}ï ·€ ”ðŒ ðŒð$ð( ð ðŒðr ðŒ S ð€øì& ¿ÿtð­ `}ðà  &  ð žðr ðŒ S ð€´í& ¿ÿtð0 `Àðà &  ð žðH ðŒ ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð rÿÿÿŒÿÿÌÿ3¾y`ÿÌfÿ™ˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.™zÅ üs+Dñ='ñ Ä ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +ë 4xœíZ]l\G>3wÿ¼Þ?ÿà&!$7iœ4!1¶ãÒDaí-EQ‘mì4XUöb_Û—®w»k»F*Šú ¤T‹ŠØ½;õó^ø)ì˜÷êþä½kk/}çÖåË Sc½%›^ŠgÞñ4[¯lûÿ,b?¾ ßjÙ~'Ú'Ü+ ±ßLÒÎ*gÐî(œGïÓßÉû²Ov-Ø'Ýw-à4†uÿ‚xOs>ŒAnò1@;r 9ŽL¡£9os'Þwôég€0ðòKo›]zó^þ{4ÿÀöü˜ó'¸óßö[eh†ìù¿í¶?‹¼ùsÈ{÷"«Èû÷#?2Wôâõ ò!ä'#AþdõR³Ö »¶ÞpQ9è‘sO¹ N9á‘G=åv¹êˆrÌ#{ÊÌSV,ýT¶-}PXËÒsÙÙ°Of Ń֚ƒÌ¼f–T¹ÈÚ5XÜß0¯£¦4g?àW«g4¸±Ñ¶ì!¯á ñ`W󔳞Šõ® ™KäÃóx–“‡™ç=â—@¾€ÀD[rÅÿaÚ¯xdv|Öjè…Òøké°îÝ4Ù •N‹X}·)«š(eËh³Cµw_YôÚ0îUóÆtQ\-–ô5ƒ»8cÖ˜–Û×ñœ–ùn0ý³ØaˉXsUxëU”ÖªD²ál,ËJ×Kÿ±Ú®·ç´t=ßD×ÇariaöÎã“Ù­âäêÙò]QvåÌ’»^%Qª$*I°Jª’„-‰z.ìs{«ç}‡/ôÊ'z7Á¼íº Æ…D7èØ¥>½”Ÿ3p`+ 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