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"$%'o2$XKɨqX$$$$b$AS mdBؾHX 0AA 3ff@ g4KdKd0Zppp@ <4dddd 0L`g42d2d0pP p<4!d!d 0L`?O ʚ;9ʚ;<4ddddЁ 00___PPT10 z___PPT9\/ 0z4? -O =DEngineering Ethics 8 Disclaimer} Opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the presenters, and should not be construed as the opinion of the FAA.  }~ ProloguesUnderstanding the Role We Play:Aviation safety has evolved over time as the result of lessons learned. Much of that evolution has been focused on very explicit events. Software and Complex Electronic Hardware (CEH) are less tangible. To date, we cannot point to any explicit in-service loss of a commercial aircraft due to errant software. We cannot, however, be sure that software has not been a contributing factor in numerous incidents and accidents. DO-178B and DO-254 allow for a great deal of latitude in interpretation. The DERs attending this conference, while explicitly only allowed to make findings of compliance, are called upon everyday to answer the question,  what is good enough? tIs There a Problem?Consider the question carefully& Examples to Consider: Planning  How much detail? Is it acceptable to simply parrot back  DO contents? Timing Analysis  what is sufficient? Simple clock counts based on longest execution path; or detailed analysis of cache effects Traceability  To what granularity? To a model or explicit elements within a model? - to the module or to the source line? Robustness Testing  To what level? Acceptable to skip for local variables where  controllability and observability are difficult or costly to achieve? All of these decisions are made in the presence of an applicant who perceives the certification effort to be a major impediment to bringing a product to market as quickly and cheaply as possible. T77u We Think So!Industry consolidation, incredibly small profit margins (more often losses) at our end customers, outsourcing of engineering activities, and budget constraints at the FAA are making all of our lives more difficult. The pressure to get by with just a little bit less is ever-present and growing. Dr. Richard Feynman characterized the effect as one of  gradually decreasing strictness. The argument that the same risk was flown before without failure is often accepted as an argument for the safety of accepting it again. While some would argue that just the opposite is true  DO-248B, CAST Papers, and so-called  generic issue papers have accomplished just the opposite, i.e., raised the bar, we are not so sure.ZjAccident Opportunity VectorvDERs and Engineering EthicsFIf you accept the premise that DERs are one element of an extensive safety net that helps ensure only safe products are fielded, then you must accept that DERs have an ethical responsibility to the general public. Consider the following scenarios: Cumbersome or late changes Missing activities or evidence of activities Activities checked as  done but deemed inadequate Changes in the application of the DO s due to changes in technology Sliding scale of design assurance activities Previous  flawed approvals establishing precedent As we look at each on of these consider two questions: Who has the burden of proof? What are the shades of grey that the DER is faced with?\Z Z7ZUZ 7U>x mCumbersome or Late Changes When safety-related changes to software are cumbersome, some may feel that assuming the risk may be more practical since there may be other safeguards in the system  note that this may occur without properly assessing if these other safeguards are sufficient! Late changes following the bulk of the verification activities may introduce additional errors  often with tremendous pressure to minimize regression activities (this is the dead code problem). lMissing Activities and Evidence  In the presence of weak or non-existent SQA, systemic problems and/or lack of data may be present that will require significant rework / reverse engineering. DERs are called upon to set the criteria by which the applicant has done enough to make up for previous  non-compliances. At what point do you aggregate problems or go for just the big-hitters to maintain the viability of the project? "ZZn8Activities Checked as  Done  Coverage analyses in both DO-178B and DO-254 exist to help determine when an applicant has done what is required. Unfortunately, requirements traceability and test coverage data are subject to error, and even manipulation.oJApplying the DO s with New Technology&&  *If a company has not used a particular technology before, it is new to them! DERs should be prepared to go back to first principles with any new technology to ensure the intent of the DO is satisfied, not just the words. Seek FAA guidance for those things truly novel for which no guidance exists.+Z+Mp&The  Sliding Scale  In addition to the contents of Annex A in both DO-178B and DO-254, DERs recognize that there is some latitude as to exactly how objectives are fulfilled for various assurance levels. This  sliding scale is very helpful in ensuring the focus stays on those portions of the design that have the greatest potential for impacting safety. However, too often the lowest threshold is what the applicant wants applied even when they are working with level A and B devices. ZCqSetting Precedence hWhatever the reasons, when a certain argument is used for assurance, be mindful of consequences not only for the current project, but also for future projects. Applicants often fear such precedents because they feel that it locks them into more work ad infinitum. DERs and FAA Specialists should be similarly concerned that precedents, often euphemistically referred to as IOUs and  Gentlemen s Agreements, permanently lower the bar. Z rSuggested SolutionMaking the DO s more prescriptive is not the answer. This drives cost, stifles innovation, and, in the end, is unlikely to be effective  new problems will arise. Engineering judgment must be allowed for  it is the underpinning of the designee system. FAA Order 8110.37 already lists character as a key trait for the DER, noting that  the [DER] applicant must possess integrity, sound judgment, and a cooperative attitude. Note also that the same order states that  lack of care, judgment, or integrity is grounds for removal of DER credentials. As the pressures increase on the designee community, it seems the time has come for a more formal treatment of the engineering ethics aspect for the work we do. Is it time that we introduced code of ethics for DERs? Z, gThe Code of Ethics ModelTVirtually every engineering discipline has their own code of ethics. They generally follow a model similar to this blanket statement from the National Institute of Engineering Ethics:  Engineers shall hold paramount the health, safety, and welfare of the public in the practice of their profession. DERs responsible for signing for software and CEH owe it to the public, their employer, and to themselves to accomplish all of their work in keeping with the above tenet. If this is too nebulous, consider the more pragmatic model on the next slide.BZwZZt1wThe Pragmatic Model When you are faced with making a determination as to whether something is good enough, answer four fundamental questions: Would I be willing to defend my position in a court of law including answering whether what I am accepting represents best practice in industry? Would I be able to stand up to the questioning of a determined  60 Minutes reporter doing an expos on the latest crash of a commercial airliner? Will I be able to sleep at night after signing for this data? AND  Would I be willing to put my wife/husband, children or parents on an aircraft that is relying on this software or CEH?D{" { R_Additional References http://www.niee.org/ National Institute for Engineering Ethics http://onlineethics.org/ The Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science http://www.nspe.org/ethics/eh1-code.asp NSPE code of ethics http://www.niee.org/main.htm National Institute for Engineering Ethics http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/mainsite/menuitem.818c0c39e85ef176fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=corp_level1&path=about/whatis&file=code.xml&xsl=generic.xsl IEEE code of ethics http://www.asce.org/inside/codeofethics.cfm American Society of Civil Engineering code of ethics http://www.aiche.org/about/ethicscode.htm American Institute of Chemical Engineers code of ethics http://www.asme.org/asme/policies/pdf/p15_7.pdf American Society of Mechanical Engineers code of ethics http://www.computer.org/tab/seprof/code.htm#Full IEEE-CS/ACM Software Engineering code of ethics http://www.pmi.org/info/AP_MemEthStandards.pdf Project Management Institute code of ethicsP 3z   $=")8'-/?xyz{|}~ !"#$%P ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@$|?" dd@  " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> /'T\(    6 P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  00   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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